In 1916 the NAACP established an Anti-Lynching Committee to develop legislative and public awareness campaigns. In 1918 NAACP Secretary John Shillady directed the production of Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States, 1889–1918. This report recorded that 3,224 people were lynched during that period. Of these, 702 were white and 2,522 black. Among the justifications given for lynching were petty offenses such as, “using offensive language, refusal to give up land, illicit distilling.” The Committee also compiled lynching statistics in 1921. It took out full-page advertisements on November 22 and 23, 1922 in the New York Times, Atlanta Constitution, and other leading newspapers entitled “The Shame of America,” with the subheading “3,436 People Lynched 1889 to 1922.”